APPENDIX XIII
ALLOCATION OF SEATS UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1935, FOR THE LOWER HOUSE IN EACH PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURE
Provinces
Total Seats
Total of General seats
General Seats reserved for Scheduled Casstes
Seats for representatives of Backward areas and tribes
Sikh Seats
Mohameddan Seats
Anglo Indian Seats
European
SeatsIndian Christian Seats
Seats for representatives of Commerce, Industry , mining and planting
Land holders seats
University Seats
Seats for representatives of labour
General
Sikh
Mohammedan
Anglo-Indian
Indian Christian
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Madras'
216 146 30 1
28 2 3 8 6 0 1 0 6 1 1
Bombay
175 114 15 1
29 2 3 3 7 2 1 7 5 1
Bengal
250 78 30
117 3 11 2 19 5 2 8 2 2 1
United Provinces
228 140 20
64 1 2 2 3 0 1 3 4 2
The Punjab
175 42 8
31 84 1 1 2 1 6 1 3 1 1 2
Bihar
152 86 15 7
39 1 2 1 4 4 1 3 3 1
Central Provinces and Berar
112 84 20 1
14 1 1 2 3 1 2 3
Assam
108 47 7 0
34 1 1 11 4 1
North-West Frontier Province
60 0 3 30 2
Orissa
0 44 6 5 4 1 ' 1 2 1 2
Sind
60 18 33 2 2 2 1 1 1
In Bombay seven of the general seats shall be reserved for Marathas.
In the Punjab one of the Land-holders seats shall be a seat to be filled by a Tumandar.
In Assam and Orissa the seats reserved for women shall be non-communal seats
APPENDIX XIV
ALLOCATION OF SEATS UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1935, FOR THE UPPER HOUSE IN EACH PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURE
Province
Total of Seats. General Seats. Mahomedan Seats. European Seats. Indian Christian Seats. Seats to be filled by Legislative Assembly. Seats to be filled by Governor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Madras
Not less than 54 Not more than 56 35 7 1 3 Not less than 8 Not more than 10
Bombay
Not less than 29 Not more than 30 20 6 1 -- Not less than 3 Not more than 4
Bengal
Not less than 63 Not more than 65 10 17 3 27 Not less than 0 Not more than 8
United Provinces
Not less than 58 Not more than 60 34 17 1 Not less than 6 Not more than 8
Bihar
Not less than 29 Not more than 30 9 4 1 -- 12 Not less than 3 Not more than 4
Assam
Not less than 21 Not more than 22 10 6 2 Not less than 3 Not more than 4
APPENDIX XV
ALLOCATION OF SEATS UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1935, FOR THE LOWER HOUSE OF THE FEDERAL LEGISLATURE FOR BRITISH INDIA
General Seats.
Seats for
Province.
Total Seats.
Total of
General Seats reserved
Sikh Seats.
Maho. medan Seats.
Anglo. Indian Seats.
European Seats.
Indian Christian Seats.
representatives of commerce
Landholders Seats.
Seats for represen. Women's tatives Seats. of
General Seats.
for Scheduled
and Industry.
labour.
Castes.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Madras
37 19 4 -- 8 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
Bombay
30 13 2 6 1 1 1 3 1 2 2
Bengal
37 10 3 17 1 1 1 3 1 2 1
United Provinces
37 19 3 12 1 1 1 --- 1 1 1
The Punjab
30 6 1 6 14 --- 1 1 --- 1 1 1
Bihar
30 16 2 9 --- 1 1 --- 1 1
Central Provinces and Berar
15 2 3 --- --- ---- --- 1 1 ---
Assam
10 4 1 --- 3 --- 1 1 --- 1 ---
North-West Frontier Province
5 1 --- --- 4 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Orissa
5 4 1 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Sind
5 1 --- --- 3 1
British Baluchistan
1 --- --- --- 1 --- --- --- --- ---
Delhi
2 1 --- --- 1 --- --- --- --- ---
Ajmer-Merwara
1 1
Coorg
1 1
Non-Provincial Seats
4 3 1
Total
250 105 19 6 82 4 8 8 11 7 10 9
APPENDIX XVI
ALLOCATION OF SEATS UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1935, FOR THE UPPER CHAMBER OF THE FEDERAL LEGISLATURE FOR BRITISH INDIA
Province or Community. Total Seats. General Seats. Seats for Scheduled Castes.
Sikh Seats Maho-medan Seats. Women's seats.
1 2 3 4 6 6 7
Madras.
20 14 1 4 1
Bombay
16 10 1 --- 4 1
Bengal
20 8 1 --- 10 1
United Province
20 11 1 --- 7 1
The Punjab
16 8 --- 4 8 1
Bihar
16 10 1 --- 4 1
Central Province and Berar
8 8 1 --- 1 ---
assam
5 3 --- --- 2 ---
North-West Frontier Province
5 1 --- --- 4 ---
Orissa
5 4 --- --- 1
Sind
5 2 --- --- 8 ---
British Baluchistan
1 --- --- --- 1 ---
Delhi
1 1 --- --- --- ---
Ajmer-Merwara
1 1 --- --- --- ---
Coorg
1 1 --- --- --- ---
Anglo-Indians
1 --- --- --- --- ---
Europeans
7 --- --- --- --- ---
Indian Christians
2 --- --- --- --- ---
Total
150 75 6 4 49 8
APPENDIX XVII
ALLOCATION OF SEATS UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1935, FOR THE LOWER AND UPPER HOUSE OF THE FEDERAL LEGISLATURE FOR INDIAN STATES
States and Groups of States.
Number of seats In the Council of State.
States and Groups of States.
Number of Seats In the Federal Assembly.
Population
1 2 3 4 5
DIVISION 1 DIVISION 1
Hyderabad 5 Hyderabad 16 14,436,142
DIVISION II DIVISION 11
Mysore 3
Mysore 7 6,557,302
DIVISION III DIVISION III
Kashmir 3 Kashmir 4 3,646,243
DIVISION IV DIVISION IV
Gwalior 3 Gwalior 4 3,523,070
DIVISION V DIVISION V
Baroda 3 Baroda 3 2,443,007
DIVISION VI DIVISION VI
Kalat 2 Kalat 1 342,101
DIVISION VII DIVISION VII
Sikkim 1 Sikkim
109,808
DIVISION VIII DIVISION VIII
1. Rampur 1 1. Rampur 1 465,225
2, Benares 1 2. Benares 1 391,272
DIVISION IX DIVISION IX
1. Travancore 2 1. Travancore 6 5,095,978
2. Cochin 2 2. Cochin 1 1,205,016
3.Pudukkottai Banganapalle Sandur . 1
3. Pudukkottai Banganapalle Sandur 1 400,694 39,218 13,583
DIVISION X DIVISION X
1. Udaipur 2 1. Udaipur 2 1,566,910
2. Jaipur 2 2, Jaipur 3 2,681,775
8. Jodhpur 2 3. Jodhpur 2 2,125,982
4. Bikaner 2 4. Bikaner 1 036,218
6. Alwar 1 5. Alwar 1 749,761
6. Kotah 1 6. Kotah 1 685,804
7. Bharatpur ,. 1 7. Bharatpur 1 486,954
8. Tonk 1 8. Tonk 1 817,360
9. Dholpur
10. Kuauli 1 1
9. Dholpur
10. Kuauli 1 254,986 140,525
11. Bundi
12. Sirohi 1 1 11. Bundi
12. Sirohi 1 216,722 216,528
13. Dungarpur
14. Banswara . 1 1
13. Dungarpur
14. Banswara . 1 227,644 260,670
15.Partabgarh Jhalawar 1
15.Partabgarh Jhalawar 1 76,539 107,890
16. Jaialmer
Kisengarh . 1 16. Jaialmer
Kisengarh . 1 76.266 86,744
DIVISION XI DIVISION XI
1. Indore 2 1. Indore 2 1,826,089
2. Bhopal 2 2. Bbopal 1 729,966
3. Rewa 2 3. Rewa 2 1,687,446
4.Datia 5 Orchha 1 4.Datia
5.Orchha 1 168,834 314,661
6. Dhar 1 6. Dhar 243,430
7. Dewas (Senior)
Dewas (Junior) 1
7. Dewas (Senior)
Dewas (Junior) 1
83,321 70,613
8. Jaora
Ratlam 1 8. Jaora
Ratlam 1 100,166 107,321
9. Panna Samthar
Ajaigarh 1 9. Panna
Samthar
Ajaigarh 1 212,180 88,807 86,806
10. Bijawar Charkhari Chhatarpur . 1 10. Bijawar
Charkhari Chhatarpur . 1 116,862 120,351 161,267
11. Baoni
Nagod
Maihar
Buaandha .
1
11. Baoni
Nagod Maihar Buaandha .
1 19,132 74,589 68,991 16,071
12. Barwani
Ali Rajpur
Shahpura . 1 12. Barwani
Ali Rajpur Shahpura .
1 141.110 101,968 64,283
13. Jhabua.
Sailana Sitamau 1 13. Jhabua.
Sailana Sitamau 1 146,622 86,223 28,422
14. Rajgrah Narsingarh Khilohipur . 1 14. Rajgrah
Narsingarh Khilohipur . 1 134,891 113,873 46,683
division XII DIVISION XII
1. Cutch 1 1. Cutch 1 514,307
2. Idar 1 2. Idar 1 262,660
3. Nawangar . 1 3. Nawangar . 1 409,192
4. Bhavangar . 1 4. Bhavangar . 1 500,274
6. Junagadh . 1 6. Junagadh . 1 646,162
6. Rajpipla Palanpur . 1 6. Rajpipla
Palanpur . 1 206,114 264,179
7. Dhrangadhra Gondal 1 7. Dhrangadhra
Gondal 1 88,961 205,846
8 Porbandar Morvi 1 8 Porbandar
Morvi 1 115,673 118,028
9. Radhanpur Wankaner . 1 9. Radhanpur
Wankaner . 1 70,680 44.269
Palitana . Palitana .
524,150
10. Cambay Dharampur Balasinor . 1
10. Cambay Dharampur Balasinor . 1 87,701 112,081 52,527
11. Baria Chhota Udaipur Sant
Lunawada . 1 11. Baria Chhota Udaipur
Sant Lunawada . 1 169.429 144,640 88,681 95,162
12. Bansda Sachin Jawhar Danta
12. Bansda Sachin Jawhar Danta 48.889 22,107 57,261 26,196
l3. Dhrol Libbdi Wadhwan Rajkot
l3. Dhrol Libbdi Wadhwan Rajkot 27,639 40,088 42,602 76,640
Division XIII Division XIII
1. Kolhapur . 2 1. Kolhapur . 1 967,187
2. Sangli Savantvadi . 1 2. Sangli Savantvadi . 1 258,442 280,689
3. Janjira Mudhol Bhor 1 3. Janjira
Mudhol Bhor 1 110,879 62,332 141.546
1. Jamkhandi . Miraj (Senior) Miraj (Junior) Kurundwad(Senior). Kurundwad (Junior). 1 2. Jamkhandi .
Miraj (Senior) Miraj (Junior) Kurundwad(Senior). Kurundwad (Junior).
1 114,270 98,988 40,434 44,204 76.640
5. Akalkot. Phaltan. Jath. Aundli Ramdurg. 1 6. Akalkot.
Phaltan. Jath. Aundli Ramdurg.
1 92,605 68,761 91,099 76,507 35.454
DIVISION XIV DIVISION XIV
1. Patiala
2
1. Patiala
2
1.626,520
2. Bhawalpur .
2
2. Bhawalpur .
1
984,612
3. Khairpur
1
3. Khairpur
1
227,183
4. Kapurthala.
1
4. Kapurthala .
1
316,757
5. Jind .
1
5. Jind
1
324.676
6. Nablia
1
6. Nabha
1
297.574
7. Tehri-Garhwal
1
349,573
7.Mandi.
Bliaspur.
-Suket. 1
8.Mandi.
Bilaapur Suket 1 207,465 100,99 58.408
8.Tehri-Garhwal
Sirmur.' Chamba. 1 9. Sirmur
Chaniba. 1 148,568 146.870
9.Faridkot.
Malerkotia.
Loharn. 1
10. Faridkotâ Malerkotla. Loharu.
1 164,364 83,072 23,838
DIVISION XV DIVISION XV
1. Cooch Behar. 1 1. Cooch Behar 1 690.886
2. Tripura. Manipur. 1 2. Trlpura 3. Mantpur '1 1 382,460 445,606
DIVISION XVI DIVISION XVI
1. Mayurbhanj. Sonupur. 1 1. Mayurbhanj,
2. Sonepur 1 ' 1 889,603 237,920
2.Patna. Kalahaodi. 1 3.Patna.
4. Kalahaodi. 1 1 566,924 513,716
3. Keonjhar. Dhenkanal Nayagarh Talcher Nilgiri. 1
5.Keonjhar.
6.Gangpur.
7. Bastar
8. Surguja 1 1 1 1 460,609 356,674 524,721 501,939
4. Gangpnr.
Bamra
Seraikela
Baud
Bonal
1
9. Dhenkanal.
Nayagarh
Seraikela
Baud
Talcher
Bonal
Nilgiri
Bamra
3
284,326
142,406
143,526
135,248
69,702
80,186
68,594
151,047
5. Bastar.
Surguja.
Kalgarh
Nandgaon .
1
6.Khairgarh
Jashpur
Kanker
Korea
Sarangarh 1
10. Baigarh. Khairagarb.
Jashpur
Kanker .
Sarangarh .
Korea .
Nandgaon
3 277,569
157,400
198,698
136,101
128,967
90,886
182,380
DIVISION XVII DIVISION XVII
States not mentioned in any of the preceding Divisions, but describ. ed in paragraph 12 of this Part of this Schedule.
2
States not mentioned In any of the preceding Divisions but described In paragraph 12 ot this Part of this Schedule.
6
3,047,126
Total Population of the States In this Table
78,996,844
APPENDIX XVIII
COMMUNAL AWARD BY HIS MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENTâ1932
In the statement made by the Prime Minister on 1st December last on behalf of His Majesty's Government at the close of the second session of the Round Table Conference, which was immediately afterwards endorsed by both Houses of Parliament, it was made plain that if the communities in India were unable to reach a settlement acceptable to all parties on the communal questions which the Conference had failed to solve His Majesty's Government were determined that India's constitutional advance should not on that account be frustrated, and that they would remove this obstacle by devising and applying themselves a provisional scheme. 2[f.1] 4
2. On the 19th March last His Majesty's Government, having been informed that the continued failure of the communities to reach agreement was blocking the progress of the plans for the framing of a new Constitution, stated that they were engaged upon a careful re-examination of the difficult and controversial questions which arise. They are now satisfied that without a decision of at least some aspects of the problems connected with the position of minorities under the new Constitution, no further progress can be made with the framing of the Constitution.
3. His Majesty's Government have accordingly decided that they will include provisions to give effect to the scheme set out below in the proposals relating to the Indian Constitution to be laid in due course before Parliament. The scope of this scheme is purposely confined to the arrangements to be made for the representation of the British Indian communities in the Provincial Legislatures, consideration of representation in the Legislature at the Centre being deferred for the reason given in paragraph 20 below. The decision to limit the scope of the scheme implies no failure to realise that the framing of the Constitution will necessitate the decision of a number of the problems of great importance to minorities, but has been taken in the hope that once a pronouncement has been made upon the basic questions of method and proportions of representation the communities themselves may find it possible to arrive at a modus vivendi on other communal problems, which have not as yet received the examination they require.
4. His Majesty's Government wish it to be most clearly understood that they themselves can be no parties to any negotiations which may be initiated with a view to the revision of their decision, and will not be prepared to give consideration to any representation aimed at securing the modification of it which is not supported by all the parties affected. But they are most desirous to close no door to an agreed settlement should such happily be forthcoming. If, therefore before a new Government of India Act has passed into law, they are satisfied that the communities who are concerned are mutually agreed upon a practicable alternative scheme, either in respect of any one or more of the Governors' Provinces or in respect of the whole of the British India, they will be prepared to recommend to Parliament that that alternative should be submitted for the provisions now outlined.
5. Seats in the Legislative Councils in the Governors' Provinces, or in the Lower House if there is an Upper Chamber, will be allocated as shown in the annexed table. 25[f.2]
6. Election to the seats allotted to Muhammadan, European and Sikh constituencies will be by voters voting in separate communal electorates covering between them the whole area of the Province (apart from any portions which may in special cases be excluded from the electoral area as "backward ").
Provision will be made in the Constitution itself to empower a revision of this electoral arrangement (and the other similar arrangements mentioned below) after 10 years with the assent of the communities affected, for the ascertainment of which suitable means will be devised.
7. All qualified electors, who are not voters either in a Muhammadan) Sikh, Indian Christian (see paragraph 10 below), Anglo-Indian (see paragraph II below) or European constituency, will be entitled to vote in a general constituency.
8. Seven seats will be reserved for Mahrattas in certain selected plural member general constituencies in Bombay.
9. Members of the "depressed classes" qualified to vote will vote in a general constituency. In view of the fact that for a considerable period these classes would be unlikely, by this means alone, to secure any adequate representation in the Legislature, a number of special seats will be assigned to them as shown in the table. These seats will be filled by election from special constituencies in which only members of the " depressed classes " electorally qualified will be entitled to vote. Any person voting in such a special constituency will, as stated above, be also entitled to vote in a general constituency. It is intended that these constituencies should be formed in selected areas where the Depressed Classes are most numerous, and that, except in Madras, they should not cover the whole area of the Province.
In Bengal it seems possible that in some general constituencies a majority of the voters will belong to the Depressed Classes. Accordingly, pending further investigation, no number has been fixed for the members to be returned from the special Depressed Class constituencies in that Province. It is intended to secure that the Depressed Classes should obtain not 'less than 10 seats in the Bengal Legislature.
The precise definition in each Province of those who (if electorally qualified) will be entitled to vote in the special Depressed Class constituencies has not yet been finally determined. It will be based as a rule on the general principles advocated in the Franchise Committee's Report. Modification may, however, be found necessary in some Provinces in Northern India where the application of the general criteria of untouchability might result in a definition unsuitable in some respects to the special conditions of the Province.
His Majesty's Government do not consider that these special Depressed Class constituencies will be required for more than a limited time. They intend that the Constitution shall provide that they shall come to an end after 20 years if they have not previously been abolished under the general powers of electoral revision referred to in paragraph 6.
10. Election to the seats allotted to Indian Christians will be by voters voting in separate communal electorates. It seems almost certain that practical difficulties will, except possibly in Madras, prevent the formation of Indian Christian constituencies covering the whole area of the Province, and that accordingly special Indian Christian constituencies will have to be formed only in one or two selected areas in the Province. Indian Christian voters in these areas will not vote in a general constituency. Indian Christian voters outside these areas will vote in a general constituency. Special arrangements may be needed in Bihar and Orissa, where a considerable proportion of the Indian Christian community belongs to the aboriginal tribes.
11. Election to the seats allotted to Anglo-Indians will be by voters voting in separate communal electorates. It is at present intended, subject to investigation of any practical difficulties that may arise, that the Anglo-Indian constituencies shall cover the whole area of each Province, a postal ballot being employed; but no final decision has yet been reached.
12. The method of filling the seats assigned for representatives from backward areas is still under investigation, and the number of seats so assigned should be regarded as provisional pending a final decision as to the constitutional arrangements to be made in relation to such areas.
13. His Majesty's Government attach great importance to securing that the new legislatures should contain at least a small number of women members. They feel that at the outset this object could not be achieved without creating a certain number of seats specially allotted to women. They also feel that it is essential that women members should not be drawn disproportionately from one community. They have been unable to find any system which would avoid this risk, and would be consistent with the rest of the scheme for representation which they have found it necessary to adopt, except that of limiting the electorate for each special women's seat to voters from one community. 26[f.3] The special women's seats have accordingly been specifically divided, as shown in the table, between the various communities. The precise electoral machinery to be employed in these special constituencies is still under consideration.
14. The seats allotted to " Labour " will be filled from noncommunal constituencies. The electoral arrangements have still to be determined, but it is likely that in most Provinces the Labour constituencies will be partly trade union and partly special constituencies as recommended by the Franchise Committee.
15. The special seats allotted to Commerce and Industry, Mining and Planting will be filled by election through Chambers of Commerce and various Associations. The details of the electoral arrangements for these seats must await further investigation.
16. The special seats allotted to Land-holders will be filled by election by special Land-holders' constituencies.
17. The method to be employed for election to the University seats is still under consideration.
18. His Majesty's Government have found it impossible in determining these questions of representation in the Provincial Legislatures to avoid entering into considerable detail. There remains, nevertheless, the determination of the constituencies. They intend that this task should be undertaken in India as early as possible.
It is possible that in some instances delimitation of constituencies might be materially improved by slight variations from the numbers of seats now given. His Majesty's Government reserve the right to make such slight variations, for such purpose, provided that they would not materially affect the essential balance between communities. No such variations will, however, be made in the case of Bengal and Punjab.
19. The question of the composition of Second Chambers in the Provinces has so far received comparatively little attention in the constitutional discussions and requires further consideration before a decision is reached as to which Provinces shall have a Second Chamber or a scheme is drawn up for their composition.
His Majesty's Government consider that the composition of the Upper House in a Province should be such as not to disturb in any essential the balance between the communities resulting from the composition of the Lower House.
20. His Majesty's Government do not propose at present to enter into the question of the size and composition of the Legislature at the Centre, since this involves among other questions that of representation of the Indian States which still needs further discussion. They will; of course, when considering the composition, pay full regard to the claims of all communities for adequate representation therein.
21. His-Majesty's Government have already accepted the principle that Sind should be constituted a separate Province, if satisfactory means of financing it can be found. As the financial problems involved still have to be reviewed in connection with other problems of federal finance, His Majesty's Government have thought preferable to include, at this stage, figures for a Legislature for the existing Province of Bombay, in addition to the schemes for separate Legislatures for Bombay Presidency proper and Sind.
22. The figures given for Bihar and Orissa relate to the existing Province. The question of constituting a separate Province of Orissa is still under investigation.
23. The inclusion in the table of figures relating to a Legislature for the Central Provinces including Berar does not imply that any decision has yet been reached regarding the future constitutional position of Berar.
London,
4th August, 1932.
APPENDIX XVIIIâ (contd.)
ALLOCATION OF SEATS IN PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURES (LOWER HOUSE ONLY)
Province.
General.
Depressed Classes
Represen-tatives from Backward Areas.
Sikh.
Muham-roadan.
Indian Christian.
Anglo-Indlan.
Europeans
Commerce and Industry, Mining and Planting, Special.
Land Holders special
University Special
Labour Special
Total
Madras
134 ( including 6 women) 18 1 0 20 (Including 1 women) 9 2 S 6 6 1 6 215
Bombay (Including Sind)
97 (B) (including 6 women) 10 1 0 63 (Including 1 women) 3 2 4 8 8 1 8 200
Bengal
80 © (Including 2 women) (e) 0 0 119 (Including 2 women) 2 4 (Including 1 woman) 11 19 5 2 8 2M
United Provincces
132 (Including 4 women) 12 0 0 66 (Including 2 women) 2
1 2 3 5 1 3 228
Punjab
43 (Including 1 women) 0 0 32 86 (Including 2 women) 2 1 1 1 5(d) 1 S 176
Bihar and Orissa
99 (Including 3 women) 7 8 0 42 (Including 1 women) 2 1 2 4 4 1 ⢠4 175
Central Provlnces (including Berar)
77 (Including 3 women) 10 1 0 14 0 1 1 2 3 1 1 112
Assam
44 (Including 1 women) (e) 4 0 34 1 0 1 11 0 .4 108
North-West Frontier Pro-
9 0 0 3 30 0 0 0 0 2 0 o 50
Voince.
Bombay(without Sind) .
109(B) (Including 6 women) 10 1 0 30 (Including 6 women) 3 2 3 7 2 1 7 175
Sind
19 (Including 6 women) 0 0 0 34 (Including 6 women) 0 0 2 2 2 0 1 60
(a) The composition of the bodies through which election to these seats will be conducted, though In most cases neither predominantly European or predominantly Indian, will not be statutorily fixed. It is, accordingly, not possible In each Province to state with certainty bow many Europeans and Indians respectively will be returned. It is, however, expected that, initially, the numbers will be approximately as follows:âMadras, 4 Europeans, 2 Indians; Bombay (including Sind), 6 Europeans, 3 Indians; Bengal, 14 Europeans, 5 Indians; United Provinces, 2 Europeans, I Indian; Punjab, 1 Indian; Bihar and Orissa, 2 Europeans, 2 Indians; Central Provinces including Berar. 1 European, I Indian; Assam, 8 Europeans, 8 Indians; Bombay without Sind, 4 Europeans, 8 Indians; Sind, 1 European, 1 Indian.
(B) Seven of these seats will be reserved for Mahrattas.
© as explained in paragraph 0 of the statement, the number of special Depressed Class seats in Bengal-which will not exceed 10-has not yet been fixed. the number of General seats will be 80, less the number of special Depressed Class seats.
(d) One of these seats Is a Tumandar's seat. the tour Land-holder's seats will be filled from special constituencies with Joint electorates. It is probable, from the distribution of the electorate, that the members returned will be one Hindu, one Sikh, and two Muhammadans.
(e) This woman's seat will be filled from a non-communal constituency at Shillong.
APPENDIX- XIX
SUPPLEMENTARY COMMUNAL AWARD 27[f.1]
"Then there was the question of the representation of communities in the Centre, particularly of the Muslim community. There, I think, I can say definitelyâ1 think I have said it indirectly very often before â that the Government consider that the Muslim community should have a representation 33 1/3 percent in the Federal Centre. As far as Indian India is concerned that must be a matter for arrangement between the communities affected and the princes, but, so far as the British Government has any part in the question we will, at any time, give our good offices to making it as easy as possible for the arrangement between those parties with regard to the future allocation of seats."
APPENDIX XX
POONA PACT 28[f.2]
(1) There shall be seats reserved for the Depressed Classes out of the general electorate seats in the Provincial Legislatures as follows:â
Madras 30: Bombay with Sind 15; Punjab 8; Bihar and Orissa 18; Central Provinces 20; Assam 7; Bengal 30; United Provinces 20; Total 148.
These figures are based on the total strength of the Provincial Councils, announced in the Prime Minister's decision.
(2) Election to these seats shall be by joint electorates subject, however, to the following procedure:
All the members of the Depressed Classes registered in the general electoral roll in a constituency will form an electoral college, which will elect a panel of four candidates belonging to the Depressed Classes for each of such reserved seats, by the method of the single vote; the four persons getting the highest number of votes in such primary election, shall be candidates for election by the general electorate.
(3) Representation of the Depressed Classes in the Central Legislature shall likewise be on the principle of joint electorates and reserved seats by the method of primary election in the manner provided for in Clause two above, for their representation in the Provincial Legislatures.
(4) In the Central Legislature, eighteen percent of the seats allotted to the general electorate for British India in the said Legislature shall be reserved for the Depressed Classes.
(5) The system of primary election to a panel of candidates for election to the Central and Provincial Legislatures, as herein before mentioned, shall come to an end after the first ten years, unless terminated sooner by mutual agreement under the provision of Clause six below.
(6) The system of representation of the Depressed Classes by reserved seats in the Provincial and Central Legislatures as I provided for in Clauses 1 and 4 shall continue until determined by mutual agreement between the communities concerned in the settlement.
(7) Franchise for the Central and Provincial Legislature's for the Depressed Classes shall be as indicated in the Lothian Committee Report.
(8) There shall be no disabilities attaching to anyone on the ground of his being a member of the Depressed Classes in regard to any elections to local bodies or appointment to the Public Services. Every endeavour shall be made to secure fair representation of the Depressed Classes in these respects, subject to such educational qualifications as may be laid down for appointment to the Public Services.
(9) In every province, out of the educational grant an adequate sum shall be earmarked for providing educational facilities to the members of the Depressed Classes.
MINORITY REPRESENTATION UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935 IN PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURES
1. LOWER HOUSE
Muslims Scheduled Castes Indian Christians Sikhs
PROVINCE.
Total Seats
Seats allotted under the Act
Seats due according to population
Excess + or Deficit -
Seats allotted under the Act
Seats due according to population
Excess + or Deficit -
Seats allotted under the Act
Seats due according to population
Excess + or Deficit -
Seats allotted under the Act
Seats due according to population
Excess + or Deficit -
Madras
215 ! 29 ! 17 ! +12 ! 30 ! 35 ! â5 !9 ! 9 !Nil ! Nil
Bombay
175 30 16 +14 15 16 -1 3 3 Nil Nil
.
Bengal
250 119 137 â18 30 33 â3 3 Nil +3 Nil Nil
.
U.P
228 66 35 +31 20 49 â29 2 Nil +2 Nil 1 â1
Punjab
175 86 100 â14 8 8 2 3 â1 32 23 +9
Bihar
152 40 20 +20 15 20 â5 1 Nil +1 Nil Nil
C.P. & Berar
112 14 5 +9 20 20 Nil Nil Nil Nil
Assam
108 34 36 9 7 7 1 Nil +1 Nil Nil
N.-W.F.P.
50 36 46 â10 Nil . Nil Nil 3 1 +2
Orissa .
60 4 .1 +3 6 9 â3 1 Nil +1 Nil Nil
Sind .
60 34 43 â9 Nil 3 â3 Nil Nil Nil Nil
.
Total
1585 492 456 +36 151 200 â49 22 15 â7 35 25 +10
II. UPPER HOUSE
Madras
56 7 4 +3 Nil 9 â9 3 2 +1 Nil Nil
Bombay
30 5 3 +2 Nil 3 â3 Nil Nil Nil Nil
Bengal
65 17 36 â19 Nil 8 â8 Nil Nil Nil Nil
United Provinces
60 17 9 +8 Nil 13 -18 Nil Nil Nil Nil
Bihar
30 4 4 . Nil 4 â4 Nil Nil Nil Nil
Assam
22 10 7 +3 Nil 1 â1 Nil Nil Nil Nil
Total
263 60 63 â3 Nil 38 â38 3 2 +1 Nil Nil
APPENDIX XXII
MINORITY REPRESENTATION UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935 IN THE CENTRAL LEGISLATURE
Muslims. Scheduled Castes. Indian Christians. Sikhs.
Total Seats for British India
Seats allotted under the Act
Seats due according to population
Excess + or Deficit -
Seats allotted under the Act
Seats due according to population
Excess + or Deficit -
Seats allotted under the Act
Seats due according to population
Excess + or Deficit -
Seats allotted under the Act
Seats due according to population
Excess + or Deficit -
I. Lower House.
250 ! 82 ! 67 !+15 ! 19 !35 !â16! 8 !3 !+5 !6 !3 !+3
11. Upper House
150 !49 !40 !+9 !6 ! 21 ! â15 !Nil !2 ! â2 ! 4 !2 !+2
APPENDIX XXIII
COMMUNAL REPRESENTATION IN SERVICES GOVERNMENT OF INDIA RESOLUTION 29[f.3]
Establishments
the 4th July 1934
SECTION IâGENERAL
No. F. 14/17-B./33.âIn accordance with undertakings given in the Legislative Assembly the Government of India have carefully reviewed the results of the policy followed since 1925 of reserving a certain percentage of direct appointments to Government service for the redress of communal inequalities. It has been represented that though this policy was adopted mainly with the object of securing increased representation for Muslims in the public services, it has failed to secure for them their due share of appointments and it has been contended that this position cannot be remedied unless a fixed percentage of vacancies is reserved for Muslims. In particular, attention has been drawn to the small number of Muslims in the Railway services, even on those railways which run through areas in which Muslims form a high percentage of the total population.
The review of the position has shown that these complaints are justified, and the Government of India are satisfied by the enquiries they have made that the instructions regarding recruitment must be revised with a view to improving the position of Muslims in the services.
2. In considering this general question the Government of India have also to take into account the claims of Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans and of the depressed classes. Anglo-Indians have always held a large percentage of appointments in certain branches of the public service and it has been recognised that, in view of the degree to which the community has been dependent on this employment, steps must be taken to prevent in the new conditions anything in the nature of a rapid displacement of Anglo-Indians from their existing positions, which might occasion a violent dislocation of the economic structure of the community. The instructions which follow in regard to the employment of Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans in certain departments are designed to give effect to this policy.
3. In regard to the depressed classes it is common ground that all reasonable steps should be taken to secure for them a fair degree of representation in the public services. The intention of caste Hindus in this respect was formally stated in the Poona Agreement of 1932 and His Majesty's Government in accepting that agreement took due note of this point. In the present state of general education in these classes the Government of India consider that no useful purpose will be served by reserving for them a definite percentage of vacancies out of the number available for Hindus as a whole, but they hope to ensure that duly qualified candidates from the depressed classes are not deprived of fair opportunities of appointment merely because. they cannot succeed in open competition.
4. The Government of India have also considered carefully the position of minority communities other than those mentioned above and are satisfied that the new rules will continue to provide for them, as at present, a reasonable degree of representation in the services.
SECTION IIâSCOPE OF RULES
5. The Government of India propose to prescribe annual returns in order to enable them to watch the observance of the rules laid down below.
6. The general rules which the Government of India have with the approval of the Secretary of State adopted with the purpose of securing these objects are explained below. They relate only to direct recruitment and not to recruitment by promotion which will continue to be made as at present solely on merit. They apply to the Indian Civil Service, the Central Services, Class I and Class II, and the Subordinate Services under the administrative control of the Government of India with the exception of a few services and posts for which high technical or special qualifications are required, but do not apply to recruitment for these Services in the province of Burma. In. regard to the Railways, they apply to all posts other than those of inferior servants or labourers on the four State-managed Railways, and the administrations of the Company-managed Railways will be asked to adopt similar rules for the services on these Railways.
SECTION IIIâ
RULES FOR SERVICES RECRUITED ON AN ALL-INDIA BASIS
7. (1) For the Indian Civil Service and the Central and Subordinate Services to which recruitment is made on an All-India basis, the following rules will be observed:â
(i) 25 percent of all vacancies to be filled by direct recruitment of Indians, will be reserved for Muslims and 8 1/3 percent for other minority communities.
(ii) When recruitment is made by open competition, if Muslims or the other minority communities obtain less than these percentages, these percentages will be secured to them by means of nomination; if, however, Muslims obtain more than their reserved percentage in open competition, no reduction will be made in the percentage reserved for other minorities, while if the other minorities obtain more than their reserved percentage in open competition, no reduction will be made in the percentage reserved for Muslims.
(iii) If members of the other minority communities obtain less than their reserved percentage in open competition and if duly qualified candidates are not available for nomination, the residue of the 8 1/3 percent will be available for Muslims.
(iv) The percentage of 8 1/3 reserved for the other minorities will not be distributed among them in any fixed proportion.
(v) In all cases a minimum standard of qualification will be imposed and the reservations are subject to this condition.
(vi) In order to secure fair representation for the depressed classes duly qualified members of these classes may be nominated to a public service, even though recruitment to that service is being made by competition. Members of these classes, if appointed by nomination, will not count against the percentages reserved in accordance with clause (i) above.
(2) For the reasons given in paragraph 2 of this Resolution, the Government of India have paid special attention to the question of Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans in the gazetted posts on the Railways for which recruitment is made on an All-India basis. In order to maintain approximately their present representation in these posts the Anglo-Indian and Domiciled European community will require to obtain about 9 percent of the total vacancies available to members of Indian communities. The Government of India have satisfied themselves that at present the community is obtaining by promotions to these gazetted posts and by direct recruitment to them more than 9 percent, of these vacancies. In these circumstances, it has been decided that no special reservation is at present required. If and when the community is shown to be receiving less than 9 percent of the vacancies, it will be considered what adjustments in regard to direct recruitment may be required to safeguard their legitimate interests.
SECTION IVâRULES FOR SERVICES RECRUITED LOCALLY
(3) In the case of all services to which recruitment is made by local areas and not on an All-India basis, e.g., subordinate posts in the Railways, Posts and Telegraphs Department, Customs Service, Income-tax Department, etc., the general rules prescribed above will apply subject to the following modifications:â
(1) The total reservation for India as a whole of- 25 percent for Muslims and of 8 1/3 percent for other minorities will be obtained by fixing a percentage for each Railway or local area or circle having regard to the population ratio of Muslims and other minority communities in the area and the rules for recruitment adopted by the local Government of the area concerned;
(2) In the case of the Railways and Posts and Telegraphs Department and Customs Service in which the Anglo-Indian and Domiciled European community is at present principally employed special provisions described in the next paragraph are required in order to give effect to the policy stated in paragraph 2 above.
9. (1) (a) The Anglo-Indian and Domiciled European community at present holds 8.8 percent of the subordinate posts on the Railways. To safeguard their position 8 percent of all vacancies to be filled by direct recruitment will be reserved for members of this community. This total percentage will be obtained by fixing a separate percentage (i) for each Railway having regard to the number of members of this community at present employed, (ii) for each branch or department of the Railway service, so as to ensure that Anglo-Indians continue to be employed in those branches in which they are at present principally employed, e.g., the Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Traffic Departments. No posts in the higher grades of the subordinate posts will be reserved, and promotion to these grades will be made, as at present, solely on merit.
(B) The reservation of 25 percent for Muslims and 8 percent for Anglo-Indians makes it necessary to increase the reservation of 33 1/3 percent, hitherto adopted for all minority communities, in order to safeguard the interests of minorities other than Muslims and Anglo-Indians. It has been decided, therefore, to reserve for them 6 percent of vacancies filled by direct recruitment, which is approximately the percentage of posts held by members of these communities at present. This total reservation will be obtained in the manner prescribed in paragraph 8 (1) of this Resolution and will not be further sub-divided among the minority communities.
(2) In the Posts and Telegraphs Department the same principles will be followed as in the case of the Railways for safeguarding the interests of the Anglo-Indian and Domiciled European community which at present holds about 2'2 percent of all subordinate posts. It has been ascertained that if a reservation is made for this community of 5 percent of the vacancies in the branches, departments or categories which members of this community may reasonably be expected to enter, it will result in securing for them a percentage equal to slightly less than the percentage of subordinate posts which they at present hold. In the departments or branches in which a special reservation is made for Anglo-Indians the reservation of vacancies for other minorities will be fixed so as to be equal approximately to the percentage of subordinate posts at present held by them. The total reservation for Anglo-Indians and other minority communities, other than Muslims, will in any case be not less than 8 1/3 percent
(3) Anglo-Indians are at present largely employed in subordinate posts in the Appraising Department and in the Superior Preventive Service at the major ports. For the former department special technical qualifications are required, and in accordance with the general principles indicated in paragraph 6 of this Resolution it will be excluded from the operation of these rules.
III the Preventive Service special qualifications are required, and the present system of recruitment whereby posts are reserved for Anglo-Indians will be maintained.
ORDER.âOrdered that this Resolution be communicated to all Local Governments and Administrations and the several Departments of the Government of India, for information ( and guidance) and that it be also published in the Gazette of India.
M. G. HALLET,
Secretary to the Government of India.
APPENDIX XXIV
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA RESOLUTION OF 1943 ON COMMUNAL REPRESENTATION OF SCHEDULED CASTES IN THE SERVICES
HOME DEPARTMENT
RESOLUTION
New Delhi, the 11th August 1943
No. 23/5/42-Ests(S).âIn pursuance of the undertaking given in the Central Legislative Assembly in 1942, the Government of India have carefully reviewed the policy which they have followed since 1934 in regard to the representation of Depressed Classes, since described in the Government of India Act, 1935 as 'Scheduled Castes', in services under their administrative control. In their Resolution No. F. 14/17-B/33, dated the 4th July 1934, the Government of India stated that in the then state of general education among these classes they did not consider that any useful purpose would be served by reserving for them a definite percentage of vacancies. In order, however, to secure fair representation for Scheduled Castes they directed that duly qualified members of these classes might be nominated to a public service even though recruitment to that service was being made by competition. Various measures have been taken since then to secure increased representation of the Scheduled Castes in the public services. The results obtained so far have, however, not been substantial. While the Government of India recognise that this is mainly due to the difficulty of getting suitably qualified candidates, they now consider that the reservation of a definite percentage of vacancies might provide the necessary stimulus to candidates of these castes to obtain better qualifications and thus make themselves eligible for various Government posts and services. It is believed that the grant of age concessions and the reduction of prescribed fees might also help to secure qualified candidates from among members of the Scheduled Castes. The Government of India have accordingly decided to prescribe the rules mentioned in paragraph 4 below.
2. On the basis of the proportion which the population of the Scheduled Castes bears to the population of the other communities entitled to a share in the present unreserved vacancies, the Scheduled Castes would be entitled to 12.75 percent out of the total number of such vacancies. It is, however, not likely that sufficient number of candidates from the Scheduled Castes would be forthcoming to fill the full number of vacancies to which they are entitled on a population basis. The Government of India have, therefore, come to the conclusion that for the present it will be sufficient to reserve a somewhat smaller percentage, viz., 8 1/3. They propose to consider the question of raising this percentage as soon as a sufficient number of qualified candidates from these classes are found to be available.
3. The rules mentioned below will apply only to direct recruitment and not to recruitment by promotion which will continue to be made as at present without reference to communal considerations. They will apply to Central Services (Class I and Class II) and the Subordinate Services under the administrative control of the Government of India with the exception of a few services and posts for which highly technical or special qualifications are required and which have been excluded from the purview of the communal representation orders contained in their Resolution No. F. 14/17-B/33, dated the 4th July 1934. In regard to the Railways, the rules will apply to all posts other than those of inferior servants and labourers. The administrations of the Company-managed Railways will be asked to adopt similar rules for the services on those Railways.
4. The following rules will therefore be observed in future in order to secure better representation of the Scheduled Castes in public services :â
(1) 8 1/3 percent of all vacancies to be filled by direct recruitment of Indians in the Central and Subordinate Services to which recruitment is made on an all-India basis will be reserved for Scheduled Castes candidates.
(2) In the case of services to which recruitment is made by local areas or circles and not on an all-India basis, e.g., subordinate posts in the Railways, Posts and Telegraphs Department, the Customs Services, the Income-Tax Department, etc., the total reservation for India as a whole of 8 1/3 percent of vacancies for Scheduled Castes candidates will be obtained by fixing a percentage for each local area or circle having regard to the population of Scheduled Castes in the area or circle concerned and the rules for recruitment adopted by the Provincial Government of the area or circle concerned.
(3) When recruitment is made by open competition and Scheduled Castes candidates obtain fewer vacancies than are reserved for them, the difference will, if possible, be made up by the nomination of duly qualified candidates of those castes.
(4) If Scheduled Castes candidates obtain less than the number of vacancies reserved for them in open competition and duly qualified candidates of these castes are not available, or not available in sufficient numbers, for nomination, the remaining vacancies reserved for such candidates will be treated as unreserved ; but a corresponding number of vacancies will be reserved for them in that year under clause (1) or clause (2) above.
(5) If duly qualified candidates of the Scheduled Castes are again not available to fill the vacancies carried forward from the previous year under clause (4) the vacancies not filled by them will be treated as unreserved.
(6) In all cases) a minimum standard of qualification will be prescribed and the reservation will be subject to this condition.
(7) The maximum age limit prescribed for appointment to a service or post will be increased by three years in the case of candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes.
(8) The fees prescribed for admission to any examination or selection will be reduced to one-fourth in the case of candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes.
(9) The orders contained in the foregoing rules will also apply to temporary vacancies lasting three months or longer, including vacancies in permanent posts filled temporarily by persons not permanently employed in Government service.
(10) For the purposes of these roles a person shall be held to be a member of the Scheduled Castes if he belongs to a caste which under the Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936, has been declared to be a Scheduled Caste for the area in which he and his family ordinarily reside.
Order.âOrdered that a copy of this Resolution be communicated to all Chief Commissioners, the several Departments of the Government of India, the Director, Intelligence Bureau, and the Federal Public Service Commission for information and guidance; to the Political Department, the Crown Finance Department, the Secretary to the Governor-General (Public), the Secretary to the Governor-General (Reforms), the Secretary to the Governor-General (Personal), the Legislative Assembly Department, the Federal Court, the Military Secretary to His Excellency the Viceroy, and all Provincial Governments for information, and also that the Resolution be published in the Gazette of India.
E. CONRAN-SMITH, Secy.
APPENDIX XXV
CRIPPS PROPOSALS
Published on March 29, 1941
DRAFT DECLARATION FOR DISCUSSION WITH INDIAN LEADERS
His Majesty's Government having considered the anxieties expressed in this country and in India as to the fulfilment of promises made in regard to the future of India have decided to lay down in precise and clear terms the steps which they propose shall be taken for the earliest possible realisation of self-government in India. The object is the creation of a new Indian Union which shall constitute a Dominion associated with the United Kingdom and other Dominions by a common allegiance to the Crown but equal to them in every respect, in no way subordinate in any aspect of its domestic or external affairs.
His Majesty's Government, therefore, make the following Declaration:
(a) Immediately upon cessation of hostilities steps shall be taken to set up in India in manner described hereafter an elected body charged with the task of framing a new Constitution for India.
(B) Provision shall be -made, as set out below, for participation of Indian States in the Constitution-making body.
© His Majesty's Government undertake to accept and implement forthwith the Constitution so framed subject only to:â-
(i) The right of any Province of British India that is not prepared to accept the new Constitution to retain its present constitutional position, provision being made for its subsequent accession if it so decides.
With such non-acceding Provinces, should they so desire, His Majesty's Government will be prepared to agree upon a new Constitution giving them the same full status as the Indian Union and arrived at by a procedure analogous to that here laid down.
(ii) The signing of a Treaty which shall be negotiated between His Majesty's Government and the Constitution-making body. This Treaty will cover all necessary matters arising out of the complete transfer of responsibility from British to Indian hands; it will make provision, in accordance with undertakings given by His Majesty's Government, for the protection of racial and religious minorities ; but will not impose any restriction on the power of the Indian Union to decide in future its relationship to other Member States of the British Commonwealth.
Whether or not an Indian State elects to adhere to the Constitution it will be necessary to negotiate a revision of its Treaty arrangements so far as this may be required in the new situation.
(d) The Constitution-making body shall be composed as follows unless the leaders of Indian opinion in the principal communities agree upon some other form before the end of hostilities :â
Immediately upon the result being known of Provincial elections which will be necessary at the end of hostilities, the entire membership of the Lower Houses of Provincial Legislatures shall as a single electoral college proceed to the election of the Constitution-making body by the system of provincial representation. This new body shall be in number about l/10th of the number of the electoral college.
Indian States shall be invited to appoint representatives in the same proportion to their total population as in the case of representatives of British India as a whole and with the same powers as British Indian members.
(e) During the critical period which now faces India and until the New Constitution can be framed His Majesty's Government must inevitably bear the responsibility for and retain the control and direction of the defence of India as part of their world war effort, but the task of organising to the full the military, moral and material resources of India must be the responsibility of the Government of India with the co-operation of the people of India. His Majesty's Government desire and invite the immediate and effective participation of the leaders of the principal sections of the Indian people in the counsels of their country, of the Commonwealth and of the United Nations. Thus they will be enabled to give their active and constructive help in the discharge of a task which is vital and essential for the future freedom of India.
I have finished the posting of Dr.Ambedkar's book
Thanks GS, above posts are very informative.
The seeds of Partition were laid in 1906
when hindus started the bengal reunification agitation
The british responded by raising muslims in army from 20% in 1900 to 36%
by 1930
The british also gave special weightages to muslims
The foolish gandhi's support of khilafat radicalised Indian muslims and set off a wave of rioting
Gandhi's Ahimsa also crippled hindus
Jinnah who stayed away from the khilafat campaign, saw that hindu society
could not handle muslim rioting
and used rioting to get pakistan
The pakistan Jinnah wanted was much larger than what he got
He called it mutlitated and moth eaten
Thanks to Savarkar, Master Tara Singh and Syama Prasad Mukerji for cutting
down pakistan size
In 1924, Lala lajpat Rai wanted partition on Radcliff line
In 1940, Dr.Ambedkar wanted partition on Radcliff line
In 1942, Rajaji wanted partition on Radcliff line
In 1946, Sardar Patel wanted partition on Radcliff line
If hindus had been more savvy, they could have grabbed a few more districts and
did the population exchange on the eastern frontier
Thats all
India escaped the fate of Yugoslavia and Lebanon and USSR where islamic reproduction led to disintegration and mass genocides
In hindsight, Dr.Ambedkar is correct
When the 13% muslims are causing so many problems, living with 30-36% muslims will be intolerable
Can you imagine living with an army 36% muslim ?
Even in residual India, muslim rioting post partition is much reduced
exactly as Dr.Ambedkar predicted
Islam forbids peaceful co-existence and Dr.Ambedkar saw the need to get rid of as many muslims as possible
The only way to keep muslims tame is a dictatorship
British, Sikh, Chinese or Russian or Singapore
Democracies cant handle islam
Any time an RSS nutcase laments over Akhand Bharat, I retort with
Akhand Islamistan
Greek Cypriots reject Akhand Cyprus
From 1960-1974, Cyrpus, 18% muslim was hit by civil war
Then in 1974, Turkey invaded Cyprus grabbed 40% of Cyprus and did full population exchange
In the 30 years hence, the muslims breeded from 18% to 25% and muslims got poorer and the greeks got richer
The muslims now want re-unification and the greeks dont want it
There was a referendum and 75% of greeks voted against reunification
despite prospect of larger Cyprus since they like life without muslims and did not want muslims back in
GS: Great compilation <!--emo&:rocker--><img src='style_emoticons/<#EMO_DIR#>/rocker.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='rocker.gif' /><!--endemo-->
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Thanks to Savarkar, Master Tara Singh and Syama Prasad Mukerji for cutting down pakistan size<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
Savarkar's role in India's freedom struggle has to a large extent hidden from Indian mass <!--emo&<_<--><img src='style_emoticons/<#EMO_DIR#>/dry.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='dry.gif' /><!--endemo--> Would be interesting to read about him in a history forum. BTW, I haven't found the Savarkar movie in any local desi stores - anyone any ideas?
GS: Din't Master Tara Singh flirt with Jinnah to carve his own little Khalistan or am I confusing him with someone else?
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