Unmasking AIT

[Husky]

Apparently the press has latched on to just one aspect - or being given just one aspect to latch on to (if the latter is true, then supposedly neutral western genetics papers and interviews subtly promote supremacism through storytelling/feeding supremacist fantasies about elitism).





telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/04/25/half-of-british-men-descended-from-one-bronze-age-king/

Half of Western European men descended from one Bronze Age ‘king’



[img caption:] A bronze age burial South Uist, in the Outer Hebridean Western Isles

Mass graves were replaced by individual burials for the elite in the Bronze Age showing a shift in social structure Credit: PA



Sarah Knapton, Science Editor



25 April 2016 • 6:14pm



Half of Western European men are descended from one Bronze Age ‘king’ who sired a dynasty of elite nobles which spread throughout Europe, a new study has shown.

("King". Nice storytelling. Forgetting "droit du seigneur" fantasies attributed to royalty, it's probably just some dude with umpteen wives/concubines etc. I've been told that eurocentrist IEists have a fetish for associating R1b with royalty whenever they can. But unless they can *prove* it was a king, enough with the storytelling.)



The monarch, who lived around 4,000 years ago, is likely to have been one of the earliest chieftains to take power in the continent.



He was part of a new order which emerged in Europe following the Stone Age, sweeping away the previous egalitarian Neolithic period and replacing it with hierarchical societies which were ruled by a powerful elite.



It is likely his power stemmed from advances in technology such as metal working and wheeled transport which enabled organised warfare for the first time.

(We're not going to pretend that metallurgy let alone wheeled carts were invented in the steppes or even Caucasus' Maykop, right? See archaeologist Kenoyer for dates on wheeled carts in SSVC. Beats the lame date on the wheeled cart in Yamna. Even toy wheeled carts in SSVC - though tracks of real wheeled carts exist at SSVC - are contemporaneous with earliest wheeled carts at Maykop.)



Although it is not known who he was, or where he lived, scientists say he must have existed because of genetic variation in today’s European populations.

(So that genetic variation in the relevant parts of Europe is derived only since the last 4000 years.)



Dr Chris Tyler-Smith, from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, said: “One of the most novel and exciting things we have found in the study is the extraordinary explosion in numbers of males at specific times.



“In Europe there was huge population expansion in just a few generations. Genetics can’t tell us why it happened but we know that a tiny number of elite males were controlling reproduction and dominating the population.



“Half of the Western European population is descended from just one man. We can only speculate as to what happened. The best explanation is that they may have resulted from advances in technology that could be controlled by small groups of men.

(NO. Don't speculate.)



“Wheeled transport, metal working and organised warfare are all candidate explanations that can now be investigated further.”

(Again. NONE of which were invented in the steppes. Or even Maykop in the Caucasus. Maykop may have transmitted it into the steppes and the steppes in turn transmitted this to parts of Europe, but they were not unique to steppes or even Maykop. Not their innovations. "Sorry" IE supremacist fantasists.)



[img caption:] A graphic showing DNA

Studying the genomes of people across the world can show how populations have spread Credit: Alamy



The study analysed sequence differences between the Y chromosomes of more than 1200 men from 26 populations around the world using data generated by the 1000 Genomes Project.



The Y chromosome is only passed from father to son and so is wholly linked to male characteristics and behaviours. Mutations reveal which are related to each other and how far apart they are genetically so that researchers can build a family tree.



Dr Yali Xue, lead author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, explained: “This pattern tells us that there was an explosive increase in the number of men carrying a certain type of Y chromosome, within just a few generations.



“We only observed this phenomenon in males, and only in a few groups of men.”



The team used the data to build a tree of the 1200 Y chromosomes. It shows how they are all related to one another. As expected, they all descend from a single man who lived approximately 190,000 years ago.



The most intriguing and novel finding was that some parts of the tree were more like a bush than a tree, with many branches originating at the same point.



The earliest explosive increases of male numbers occurred 50,000–55,000 years ago, across Asia and Europe, and 15,000 years ago in the Americas.



There were also later expansions in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, South Asia and East Asia, at times between 4,000 and 8,000 years ago. The team believes the earlier population increases resulted from the first peopling by modern humans of vast continents, where plenty of resources were available.



Dr David Poznik, from Stanford University, California, first author on the paper, said: “We identified more than 60,000 positions where one DNA letter was replaced by another in a man with modern descendants, and we discovered thousands of more complex DNA variants.



“These data constitute a rich and publicly available resource for further genealogical, historical and forensic studies.”



The research was published in the journal Nature Genetics.

I rather suspect they're talking about R1b. Assuming they are:



This means R1b diversity in W-Europe is recent (only since 4000 years before present).



R1b and R1a in steppes were clearly related to founder effects too from migrant clans bearing these.



Eurocentrists were undermining the low R1b presence in India/Nepal as indicating that it could not derive from there. But at least for the W-European case, we already know for a fact, that the 55% R1b and its diversity is 1. imported and 2. very very recent. In the subcontinent it can just represent one or a few clans.

Further, "S Asia" has both the R1b subclade seen in Europe (defined by M269) AND its sister M73.





en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b

Code:

Continent     Population     #No.     Total%     R-P25*     R-V88     R-M269     R-M73

Africa     Northern Africa     691     5.9%     0.0%     5.2%     0.7%     0.0%

Africa     Central Sahel Region     461     23.0%     0.0%     23.0%     0.0%     0.0%

Africa     Western Africa          123     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%

Africa     Eastern Africa          442     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%

Africa     Southern Africa     105     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%

Europe     Western Europeans     465     57.8%     0.0%     0.0%     57.8%     0.0%

Europe     North western Europeans 43     55.8%     0.0%     0.0%     55.8%     0.0%

Europe     Central Europeans     77     42.9%     0.0%     0.0%     42.9%     0.0%

Europe     North Eastern Europeans 74     1.4%     0.0%     0.0%     1.4%     0.0%

Europe     Russians          60     6.7%     0.0%     0.0%     6.7%     0.0%

Europe     Eastern Europeans     149     20.8%     0.0%     0.0%     20.8%     0.0%

Europe     South eastern Europeans 510     13.1%     0.0%     0.2%     12.9%     0.0%

Asia     Western Asians          328     5.8%     0.0%     0.3%     5.5%     0.0%

Asia     Southern Asians     288     4.8%     0.0%     0.0%     1.7%     3.1% <---<---

Asia     South eastern Asians     10     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%

Asia     North eastern Asians     30     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%     0.0%

Asia     Eastern Asians          156     0.6%     0.0%     0.0%     0.6%     0.0%

    TOTAL               5326

<EDIT (snipped): Originally, the table formatting was shifted, and had left in early comments about v88 by oversight. The rest of the post stands, as it was the correct discussion, on M269 - being based on the correctly formatted table:>



Having a look at the 2016 ISOGG phylogenetic tree for R1b at

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b#Internal_structure



- M269 mutation (R1b1a2) is parent of L23. Where L23 "R-L23 (R1b1a2a). Most common European R1b"

- And M269 is sister to M73 "R-M73 (R1b1a1). Found in Anatolia**, Caucasus, Urals, Hazara". Not found in ... Europe.



** Not found among aDNA in Anatolia in Mathieson's 26 Anatolian Neolithic individuals. So when they say "Found in Anatolia" they probably mean modern Turkey, and it's cheating how they gift it to Anatolia.



From the above table "Southern Asians" have low frequencies of both M269 AND M73. No one else in the table has R-M73.

From Mathieson's data set, can't find any M73 (R1b1a1) in their aDNA samples where the Y has been listed. Not Anatolia Neolithic, steppes or non-steppe Europe.

Among the aDNA in Mathieson's data set, there is however R1b1 in:

- Iberia (Basque territory, 5295-5066 calBCE) marked by M415, and

- Samara Eneolithic at Khvalynsk (steppes, 5200-4000 BCE) of a sample marked IGNORE and defined by SNP M415,

- another sample marked IGNORE (in Russia, 5650-5555 calBCE) defined only by SNP L278. [The latter 2 samples may be marked IGNORE if thought contaminated?]





While the wikipedia page on R1b implies that R1b1 is marked by "L278, M415, P25",



Some other instructive points at:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b

ISOGG now uses marker L278 to define R1b1.



Maglio, Michael R. (2014-08-14). "Biogeographical Evidence for the Iberian Origins of R1b-L278 via Haplotype Aggregation (2014)". Origins DNA. Retrieved 2014-11-12.

So in 2014, R1b1 was thought to be Iberian in origin...

Except that the ancient Iberian sample in Mathieson's data set was not defined by L278 only M415???





Anyway and whatever.

The high rate of just a particular subclade of R1b in Europeans (R1b1a2) - known to be a founder effect in Europe proper - may just be a founder effect in the steppes too.

Some R1b could have wandered up there into the Samara Eneolithic culture, and later a clan carrying the specific subclade could just have wandered up again.

After all, the Samara region only had mtDNA U4 and U5 IIRC as per Reich until 6000 years before present. Then all of a sudden it evinced many different haplogroups whose origins are estimated to lie in Near East, West Asia and Indian subcontinent (apparently W and U2e have origins in India, contrary to earlier Euro-specific claims for U2e and West Asian/Caucasus claims for W). So R1b and subclades could have wandered up too.



Also, just like "Southern Asians" show R1b-M73 (R1b1a1) which is apparently not found in Europeans,

Iranians (Grugni et al 2012 paper's table 1) have

- the paragroup R1b*,

- they have a very low amount of M73 among Persians of Khorasan,

- AND they have the paragroups M269* and L23* (note that M269, and L23 specifically, are carried by Europeans)

While some of the M269 and M269* and L23 and L23* in Iranians can be argued as having been introduced into Iran by the islamic slave trade of Europeans, M73 in Khorasan Persians is simply not European.





From the wikipedia page:

R1b (R-M343)



R1b* (that is R1b with no subsequent distinguishing SNP mutations) is extremely rare. The only population yet recorded with a definite significant proportion of R1b* are the Kurds of southeastern Kazakhstan with 13%.[4][17] However, more recently, a large study of Y-chromosome variation in Iran, revealed R1b* as high as 4.3% among Persian sub-populations.[18]

([18] is a reference to the familiar Grugni et al 2012 paper.)





Anyway, my point was, the low frequency of R1b subclades in "South Asians" does NOT imply founder effect there, nor does it indicate intrusiveness of R1b subclades there. Whereas of Europe we already know 1. it is intrusive (unless derived from Iberia, which it is not, since steppes have been implicated for the origin of the founder effect in Europe); 2. it is the product of a massive founder effect; 3. in Europe it is only M269 apparently (so too in all Mathieson's aDNA not counting the IGNOREd and Iberian samples which are more basal R1b).



The other question remains:

Why is Harvard still sitting on the Maykop aDNA samples, which Patterson said (back in Dec 2014) that they'd already gathered? I.e. they had collected the Maykop aDNA data at some point before the Haak paper came out. I think they work incrementally: only bringing out further data when they absolutely have to. So they're more interested in storytelling and observing how much it will take.





EDIT:

- Removed wrong text accidentally left in (based on interpreting the originally shifted table from before posting).

- fixed visibility of link not displaying